Mounted But Not Mounted: The Confusing Terminology of Artillery
By: James Morgan
Note: This article first appeared in the Camp Chase Gazette, World Wide Web Edition Volume 1
Pictures Courtesy of the Quartermaster Corp Web Page
The terminology of 19th-century artillery can be very
confusing. As in most
bureaucracies, there were both official and unofficial terms for everything,
many of which were contradictory or had multiple meanings and frequently were
misused even by artillerymen. This
unintentional misuse continues today in reenacting and, indeed, may have become
so pervasive as to render pointless any attempt at correcting it.
Nevertheless, the author offers the following glossary in
the hope that it will help to clarify proper Civil War-era terminology for
reenactors, even including those unfortunate souls who are not artillerymen.
The glossary is not meant to be an exhaustive dictionary of artillery
terms, but merely to offer working definitions of those organizational and
functional terms which are most commonly (mis)used.
Unless otherwise specified, the information is based on
Federal practice as this most closely approximates the pre-war usages from which
the confusion comes. Generally,
however, it applies to the Confederate service as well.
Unlike an infantry regiment, which was the basic fighting
unit of that branch of the service, an artillery regiment almost never -- it
probably is safe to say never -- operated as a whole, the batteries being
scattered about with little apparent concern for proper command structure,
logistics, firepower or other matters. Both
the Union and Confederate services improved considerably in this regard as the
war progressed, though in different ways.
In any case, the primary organizational unit, blue or gray,
was the battery, with the Federals maintaining a 6-gun standard (until General
Grant ordered a reduction to four guns per unit in May, 1864) and the
Confederates using a 4-Gun standard throughout the war.
Glossary Of Terms
COMPANY:
Official term for the component units of an artillery regiment;
changed to "Battery" by special War Department order in July, 1866.
BATTERY: Unofficial but commonly accepted term for an artillery company. The word comes from the French verb "a battre" meaning "to beat or batter" and originated in artillery's earliest days when huge stone or iron balls were used literally to batter down castle walls.
Curiously, "battery" was the official
term for the units of the 5th U.S. Artillery from that regiment's creation in
1861. The 1866 order mentioned
above merely brought the older regiments into line with
this common usage. "Battery"
also can be used to identify any group of artillery pieces, of whatever type,
number, or size, operating together.
BATTALION: Confederate
artillery organization usually consisting of three to five batteries, which may
or may not have been from the same state, grouped together into a kind of
super-battery for greater firepower. Though
the Federals also grouped batteries, they did not use them as the Confederates
used their "battalions." Thus,
there was no true battalion structure in the Union artillery.
The artillery as a whole was divided into two groups by function: FOOT artillery and FIELD artillery. Any battery might be assigned to either group.
Foot (Heavy) Artillery
Private |
Musician |
Corporal |
Sergeant |
Q.M. Sergeant |
First Sergeant |
Sergeant Major FOOT ARTILLERY: Official but seldom used term for what commonly was called "Heavy" artillery. Foot batteries generally manned coastal or river fortifications mounting large, immobile guns like Rodmans or the larger Parrotts. During the war, many Union "heavies" served in the defenses of Washington. Some foot batteries were equipped with medium-sized pieces known as "siege" guns; 30-pdr Parrotts, for example. These were mounted on heavy, but relatively mobile, siege carriages which allowed them to follow in the wake of the army and be emplaced in temporary positions whenever the troops were likely to remain in one place for a while. The expression, "foot artillery," also has been used colloquially to mean artillerymen armed and serving as infantry. |
Field (Light) Artillery
Private |
Musician |
Corporal |
Sergeant |
Q.M. Sergeant |
First Sergeant |
Sergeant Major |
Field (Light) Artillery: Official term for those batteries assigned to operate in the field with either infantry or cavalry; commonly, but incorrectly, called "Light" artillery. Standard field pieces included the Model 1841 6-and 12-pdrs, lO-pdr Parrott Rifles, 3-in Ordnance (not Ordinance) Rifles, and the "Model 1857 light 12-pdr gun-howitzer" or "Napoleon".
Early on, the Union artillery eased its logistics burden by
eliminating the older pieces almost entirely and relying on the rifled guns and
Napoleons. By war's end, the Parrotts were themselves being phased out in favor
of the lighter, safer, and more accurate Ordnance Rifles.
The Confederates, of course, were forced to use whatever they could get,
so that even the obsolete little 6-pdrs remained in the southern inventory.
The Field Artillery was itself sub-divided into two functional groups called MOUNTED and HORSE artillery. Again, a given unit could be assigned to either.
Mounted Artillery: Official and
extremely confusing term for those field batteries assigned to operate with
infantry. It was and is confusing
because "Mounted" artillery was NOT mounted.
The drivers, of course, rode and the rest of the men occasionally would
"mount" the limbers whenever speed was required.
But generally, like the infantrymen with whom they worked, the
"Mounted" artillerymen walked. This
sometimes results in the added confusion of having them referred to as
"foot" artillery.
In 1838, however, these distinctions were eliminated. No longer was there a separate class of drivers who rode while the Canoneers walked. Henceforth, the men were cross-trained and each would ride whenever assigned to be a driver. Thus, all of the men occasionally were "mounted." This branch of the artillery kept the "Mounted" designation simply to distinguish itself from the "Foot" artillery. Less frequently, but more accurately, the term "Harnessed" artillery also was used to identify the "Mounted" artillerymen.
Horse
Artillery: Official term for those field batteries assigned to
work with cavalry. In order to keep
up with the troopers, each horse artilleryman rode his own horse, a practice
devised by Frederick the Great in the mid-18th century and formally adopted by
the U.S. Army shortly before the Mexican War.
Thus, the "Horse" artillery was mounted and the
"Mounted" artillery was not, leading to frequent but understandable
confusion of the terms. Today, when
someone refers to "mounted" artillery, it is a safe bet that he means
"horse" artillery.
In the Army of the Potomac, for example, the number of horse artillery batteries (often called simply "horse batteries") varied during the war but never exceeded twelve. These were organized into formal "Horse Artillery Brigades", similar in some ways to the Confederate "battalions", and assigned to the cavalry as needed. Except for short periods of service by the 6th New York Independent Battery and the 9th Michigan Battery, the Horse Artillery Brigades consisted exclusively of regulars. All other field batteries were "Mounted" artillery.
A further distinction between horse batteries and their mounted counterparts was in the use of sidearms. As a general rule, mounted artillerymen carried neither pistol nor saber, while horse artillerymen almost always carried revolvers and, frequently, sabers as well (though, of course, they did not wear the sabers while working their guns). Moreover, horse artillerymen often were cross-trained as cavalry (many of them, in fact, being transfers from the cavalry) and those men not actually serving the guns might be out on the flanks as battery supports to free up the troopers for other duties.
At reenactments, the author often has heard people
including artillerymen, on seeing a horse-drawn gun go by, comment about the
"horse artillery". The
reader should take care not to confuse "horse" artillery with
"horse-drawn" artillery. The
terms are unrelated. Naturally, ALL
artillery was horse-drawn (or, in a few cases, mule or ox-drawn), there being no
other way to move the pieces around when necessary.
Only those batteries so designated, however, were "Horse
Artillery".
LIGHT ARTILLERY: In
artillery- "light" is NOT the opposite of "heavy."
"Foot" equals "Heavy" but "Field" does not
equal "Light", even though "light artillery" is almost
universally used as a synonym for "field artillery."
Historically and technically, the term is more limited and means only
"horse artillery".
Numerous Union and Confederate batteries had the word "Light" in their names. But unless they were formally assigned to and regularly operated with cavalry, each Canoneers being individually mounted, they were not light batteries regardless of what they called themselves. "Light", in this context, has nothing to do with the size or weight of the guns used, but refers only to speed. With the Canoneers individually mounted, a battery could travel much faster -- was, so to speak, lighter on its feet -- than when the men had to walk or hang precariously from a limber. In short, "light" artillery is "horse" artillery.
In the Federal service, light batteries, it is true, were usually equipped with the relatively light-weight (800 lbs) Ordnance Rifles to make it easier for them to keep up with the cavalry (for the same reason, their limber chests did not carry as many rounds as the chests of a mounted Ordnance Rifle battery). Several light batteries, however, were armed with the much heavier (1200 lbs) Napoleons. For these units, speed and mobility were achieved through the use of 8-horse, rather than the normal 6-horse, teams. Mounted Napoleon batteries naturally used the standard-sized team.
FLYING ARTILLERY:
Occasionally used during the Civil War, this unofficial and rather
romantic term was popularized during the Mexican War and also means
"light" or "horse" artillery. It is a reference to the comparatively high maneuvering
speeds of these batteries and was used admiringly, much as we might comment on
the speed of a runner by saying, "He can really fly!".
Like the term "light," however, it sometimes is misapplied to
field artillery in general.
CONSOLIDATED
BATTERIES: From time to time,
because of the loss of men or guns, two batteries would be merged.
This happened with some frequency but usually was a temporary arrangement
as, for example, with batteries H & I of the 1st U.S. and C & E of the
4th which were consolidated for periods of several months.
An unusual triple consolidation occurred when C F & K of the 3rd U.S.
were merged for the war's final year. Sometimes,
as with consolidated B & L of the 2nd U.S., the merger occurred early and
lasted the entire war.
Historians sometimes will mistake a consolidated battery
for two separate units, thereby overestimating the number of guns and the
firepower of a given force.
Artillery terminology, understood in its historical
context, is not as senseless as it first appears.
Nor should it be a mystery to the reenactor who ought to be familiar with
the proper military terminology of the time.
It must be admitted that the obscure origins and contemporary misuse of terms such as "light" and "mounted" will likely continue to cause confusion in our own day, especially since the incorrect usages tend to be more logical than the correct ones. Still, it is to be hoped that the information presented herein will lessen this confusion and, perhaps, contribute to more accurate impressions.
Bibliography:
William Berkhimer, Historical Sketch of the Organization, Administration, Materiel and Tactics of the Artillery, United States Army, Thomas McGill Publishing Co., Washington DC,1884
Rodenbough and Haskin, The Army of the United States, Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York, 1896
Henry J. Hunt and James M. Robertson. Individual letters written to the Journal of the Military Service Institute of the United States, volume VI, number XXIII, September, 1885
Behind the Byline: Jim is a member of Battery C, 4th U.S. Artillery and lives in Lovettsville, Virginia.